High Performance And Energy Efficient Homes Construction Essay

High Performance And Energy Efficient Homes Construction Essay An energy efficient home combines state-of-the-art, energy-efficient construction and appliances with commercially available renewable energy systems to reward its owner with significantly reduced energy consumption. An energy efficient home like any other home, is connected to the utility grid, but overall it produces as much energy as it consumes. With net metering, the homes electric meter runs backward when the home is producing more power than it is using. With its reduced energy needs and solar energy systems, an energy efficient home can, over the course of a year, produce as much energy as it uses. Such homes are thought to have a number of advantages, including improved comfort, protection against electricity price spikes, reduced peak load on the utility grid, and environmental sustainability. Diffusion-of-innovations theory has guided much research in public acceptance of solar energy and energy efficiency innovations (Rogers and Shoemaker 1971; Rogers 1995). The theory is based on numerous studies of national, regional, and statewide populations that involve a myriad of innovations. Diffusion-of-innovation theory is widely accepted in the energy analysis community. HIGH-PERFORMANCE HOMES AS AN INNOVATION: The high-performance homes are innovative for several reasons. Although the concepts of whole-building energy efficiency have been implemented by builders in various parts of the world, the resulting homes did not necessarily contain solar water heating or solar electric systems. On the other hand, many custom homes are energy efficient and contain either solar water heating or solar electric systems, or both, but they have generally been built one-at-a-time, and most are not tied to an electricity grid. The high-performance home project is innovative because it offers homes that approach the energy efficient home concept for both nuclear and joint families living in Tamil Nadu. Thus, the innovation of focus in this study is the high-performance home as a precursor of near-zero energy homes. These homes contain four key elements namely: (1) They are highly energy efficient; (2) Their water is preheated by the sun; (3) They produce electricity; and (4) They can supply electricity to, store, and take electricity from a utility grid. The significance of such an offering will be realized when they become routine rather than unique specialty commodities offered only by custom builders.3 The successful reutilization of energy efficient homes will ensure higher quality homes that are widely available, less expensive than conventional homes to operate (all other things being equal), and environmentally friendlier than conventional homes. INNOVATION ATTRIBUTES: HIGH-PERFORMANCE HOME: Five most important attributes of novelties are thought to influence their rate of adoption, namely: (1) Comparative Benefits (2) Complexity (3) Compatibility (4) Observability (Rogers, 1995) (5) Ability of trial Each of these can be examined in turn for their potential relevance in the acceptance of high-performance homes. In this case, there are two levels of adopters: (1) Builders who must adopt these kinds of homes before (2) Home buyers have the opportunity to do so. The diffusion of innovations in the form of best building practice applies to the voluntary spread of innovative practices through networks of builder companies. ENERGY: The IEA report on key world energy statistics, has projected that India alone uses primary energy of around 24.9 EJ of the total 503.5 EJ used by the world. With a population of 1123 million as of 2009, each Indian uses an energy equivalent of 22.2GJ/ person/ year. Further the estimated amount of electricity spent by each Indian is 543/ capita/ year (IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, 2009). The goals outlined for the Indian energy sector include: providing affordable access to convenient energy services, making new technology attractive to investors and developing sustainable energy systems. WATER: In the twenty first century safe water has become one of the most important need of the hour and developing countries have started to feel the pinch on public health. The year marked 2005 is the beginning of International Decade for Action: Water for Life along with the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) has proposed a reduction to half the proportion of the worlds population with the focus of giving viable access to sanitation and safe drinking water by the year 2015. It is estimated by United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) that around 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation and an average of 1.2 billion people lack access to improved water supplies. It has been estimated that diarrheal morbidity can be reduced by an average of 6-20 per cent with improvements in water supply and by 32 per cent with improvements in sanitation. In India, approximately 72.7 per cent of the rural population does not use any method of water disinfection and 74 per cent have no sanitary toilets. The key to providing microbiologically safe drinking water lies in understanding the various mechanisms by which water gets contaminated, and formulating interventions at critical points to decrease and prevent contamination of drinking water. Geographic information system (GIS) tools can be used to demonstrate spatial relationships for a clearer understanding of problems and possible solutions. TAMIL NADU HOUSING: AN OVERVIEW: Tamil Nadu is located in the southern tip of India alongside Kerala. It is the Eleventh largest state and it covers more population rate and also contributes the 5th place in GDP (Gross Domestic Product). It has a population of 62405679 people, residing in an area that spans 130058 sq.km. The energy requirements of the state are not met indigenously. Requirements of water are met from the dams in Karnataka and Kerala and water shortage is the name given for the game that is been played for a very long time. Now a days researchers have found out that the ground water table column or aquifers level are dropping down and in over some years there would be no water found in the aquifers. This is mainly because people in India use water from ground water column for their domestic purposes. Each house in India have their own deep bored wells from which water is drained either physically or mechanically via motors, these practices causes an impact towards the aquifers or the ground water tab le column in India leading to face draught condition in the nearest future. India also faces problems like frequent power cuts for more than 8 hours a day. Indian Government has taken a decision to have hourly power cuts in each area to conserve electricity but, electricity is one of the major resources, which we need daily to lead a compatible life. Frequent power cuts are a norm throughout the state also as the consumption of electricity exceeds production on any given day. It is hence vital that homes be designed to be energy efficient so that the consumption of power and water is regulated in such a way to contribute to make the state self sufficient in terms of energy and water requirements. Maximizing personal prosperity aligned with ecological effects of a lifestyle has become a noticeable fact for a very long time now. There is always a change in the climate. There is very frequent occurrence of tornadoes and earth quakes and it has become the order of the day and a natural phenomenon. There are simultaneous occurrences were, polar caps and melting and the glaciers have started to retreat. There is also an increase in the number of natural disasters day by day, reaching to an unknown level till now. Drought and flood on the one hand have started to cost millions of lives year after year. The whole atmosphere is polluted with bad air, and fine dust has loaded the surface of the earth, which in turn has a telling effect on ozone and this in turn raised CO2 levels on earth. The greatest challenge of the millennium is the protection of climate and there is a worldwide alarm and awareness spread across to make the earth livable. Hence it is both prudent and agreeable to st art with the four walls of our house. EFFICIENT HOUSING REDEFINED: An energy efficient house is just defined by its inner values. The energy efficient house implies a standard stating that no active energy is need to make the house get heated or cold. In energy efficient houses the main heat sources would be the sun, and the main cooling source will be the wind. This can be achieved by using energy efficient components. For example, the window that has a thermal insulation helps with efficient insulation and heat exchange systems. The standards to fulfill todays energy efficiency requirement for tomorrow has become the energy efficient house standard. The energy consumption of a house is indicated by its typical energy values. The potential to save energy on an energy efficient house has almost raised its energy saving efficiency to 90% which would be the average energy cost of an existing residential and corporate building which has no restrictions for it architectural design. Further studies that were done by Dr. Wolfgang Feist in May 1988, has brought to its fore front triumphant advancement into construction of ecological housing, with thousands and thousands of examples explaining in detail on the energy efficient housing standards. Whether building complex, row house or detached house, which has been already built, is entitled to adjudged excellence and also be moved into an energy efficient structure. The freedom to architecturally manipulate a design is basically unlimited as there is no fundamental difference in the structure of an energy efficient houses and a conventional building. Research and Evaluations that are done on building project have proved that an energy efficient house will always results in extensive energy saving and also has put a benchmark for improving the quality of construction. The future of housing and shelter are houses that are designed to increase the energy efficiency and environmental performance. The long-term objective is to transform the housing market to one in which a majority of residential new construction in the state is net zero-energy i.e. extremely efficient buildings whose low energy needs can be met by on-site renewable energy generation. It is vital to support the transition to a residential new construction energy code that favors energy conservation standards to ensure a better tomorrow. There are a lot of market barriers in constructing a new energy efficient house, namely: conflicting design criteria, lack of knowledge transfer with regards to the benefits of an energy efficient house and the ecological performance on the part of builders, consumers, appraisers, lenders, realtors and others, limited technical skills on the part of some of the builders and their subcontractors to address key elements of efficiency; and the lack of ability of consumers, appraisers, lenders and others to differentiate between standard and efficient homes. MARKETTING ENFFICIENT HOMES: Single family and joint-family homes can both benefit if the home is designed to be energy efficient. An important limitation is building Affordable Housing regardless of their location. Larger homes as in homes designed for joint families are likely to inherently use more energy, and promoting energy efficient housing allows total home energy use to grow with size. A cooperative marketing offer for participating builders will drive homebuyer demand for qualifying homes. An aggressive consumer focused marketing campaign will be essential to maintain builder participation (and therefore market share). Areas for research in residential new construction may include the performance metering of program homes and optimized new home designs for significant reduction or elimination of cooling energy requirements.it is also vital to consider opportunities to solicit creative proposals for pilot-scale promotions associated with the development of energy efficient homes. Energy consumption mete rs and monitoring will be built into these homes to enable future tracking of actual performance. To meet the challenges of a slow residential new construction housing market, increased energy standards, reward high performance homes, transition to a market-based, home energy rater network, the following program strategies and tactics are being proposed: Carbon footprint labeling for high performance homes, creating consumer awareness and demand, differentiating builders in the growing green building consciousness of consumers. It is vital to attract media attention to relevant projects and associated savings realized by residents, especially for home projects, which incorporate both energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. Further, it is important to build relationships with residential builders through educational seminars and training to increase higher performance building practices and to help build a Green Workforce. Energy-efficient homes help lower energy costs, increase affordability, increase durability, and improve health and safety. High performance homes reduce impact on the environment. It is a call for every home to be a part of the solution for sustainable living to help combat global warming. Feature stories focusing on energy and financial savings, new technologies (solar), and environmentally sound building practices herald a new era of efficient homes. Homes that feature new energy-saving technologies, renewable energy, and very high performance homes, in terms of their energy rating and reduced environmental impact give us a promise for a better life in the future. AWARENESS IS THE KEY: Increased awareness of green and sustainable living practices, and impact of carbon footprint reduction, greater awareness of residential indoor air quality, health and safety issues for better living, promotion of energy saver plans to reduce energy use 20% supporting the increased development of a green workforce by promoting green job training are vital steps towards achieving an ecofriendly building culture. The current economic uncertainty may suppress numbers of energy efficient homes, particularly if residents are not well educated on the benefits of such homes. As such, the awareness of energy efficient homes among realtors and residential home buyers/builders remains relatively low. Along with endorsing for energy efficient homes comes the responsibility for ratings. It is incumbent upon the program to assure that a robust system for identifying and communicating quality issues exists to manage the credibility of the savings and certifications offered. Not only must the design of the house be energy efficient but also the appliances used within the house. For this, it is important to promote the purchase of efficient home heating, cooling and water heating equipment, and the quality installation of such equipment. Its long-term goal is to make the high quality installation of high efficiency residential equipment the norm in the market. BARRIERS TO ENERGY EFFICIENT HOME CONSTRUCTION: The program must continue to address several market barriers to achieve its goals such as, the consumers inability to differentiate, and therefore value, the difference between a poor quality construction and a good quality construction and installations, the consumers lack of information on the benefits (both energy and non-energy) of quality installations, efficient equipment and low value perception of contractor and the sense of difficulty to program participation. These barriers can be overcome by endorsing the use of: ENERGY STAR-qualified energy-efficient water heaters and gas heating equipment; high efficiency electric cooling and heating equipment; installation of solar domestic water heating systems; accurate analysis of building cooling and heating loads and the proper sizing and selection of cooling and heating equipment according to established industry standards. WATER CONSERVATION: Water conservation is another vital component of an energy efficient house. There are various principal designs for rainwater harvesting system but the general outlined over is that it collects water from a roof top which is linked with a roof pipe which is then directed to a storage tank which is either outside or inside the building. These designs for storage of water ranges from simple rain barrel which is placed at the bottom fitted with a motor, which helps in watering the plants to extensive water tank systems that can provide an adequate quantity of the water that someone uses. It has also come up with new treatment and filtration technique to make rainwater harvesting easy relatively. DESIGN OF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM: Rainwater harvesting systems can either be incorporated into a new construction or be installed in existing buildings. A basic system that is used of rainwater harvesting includes a basic roof, roof drains, gutters and a piping system to transport water to the storage tank or from the storage tank or cistern to meet the required need. Storage tanks can be either outside or inside, below or above the ground, or partially below the ground or partially above the ground. The best place to fit the storage tank will be the basements as this helps the water get its gravity and also be protected from freezing. There is a huge variety of rain water collection systems and individual components available commercially in the market. CRITEREA FOR SELECTION OF HARVESTING SYSTEMS: Each rain water harvesting system is unique and should be evaluated separately. Proper sizing is important when designing rain water harvesting systems. It is essential to know how much rainwater is expected to collect and how much water is expected to be used. Determining the right sizing will affect installation cost, operation, and on-going maintenance. CONCLUSION: The average family spends about 2000 to 4000 rupees per month on electricity. Knowing where exactly this money goes can help plan usage and reduce the power bill. Electricity provides many of the conveniences enjoyed every day. Making informed decisions about how electricity is used can help meet the need for energy better without having to build additional power generating plants. The Energy efficient housing plans have established ambitious goals for energy efficiency. Currently available efficiency measures, and the initiatives that deliver them, will not be able to achieve these goals. AIM: In concern, with the above factors the aim is to build a virtual, energy efficient house for a nuclear family with moderate rooms and room sizes. In this virtual house, energies like water, electricity, domestic waste and environmental impacts will be prevented and shall be maintained properly. These energies can be maintained by adopting automatic lights in some areas of the house and having automatic taps in bathrooms also by adding up renewable energy like solar energy and by encouraging some new techniques from home exnora. Since, India is not contributing for renewable energy in a high level each houses can be built with renewable energy source with the individual interest of the people so, there will be no power cuts in future. EXNORA Excellent Novel Radical, home exnora includes many techniques in maintaining a good environment. They also have several techniques to recycle and reuse domestic waste water and wastes. Such techniques can be used in the virtual house to sustain a n energy efficient house in Tamil Nadu.

Advantages Of Playing Sports Essay

Improved self-esteem is another benefit of competitive youth sports. When a child wins a game with his team, he feels accomplished and recognized. However, though someone may argue that if he lost the game, it will reversely lower his self-esteem. But that may perhaps not the real case, even when he doesn’t win, he can learn a valuable lesson: that you can’t win every time. Conversely, losing with his team can also increase self-esteem, as he learns to hold his head high and feel proud for trying his best. HEALTH According the some scientific research, millions of American children and teenagers are overweight. This obesity epidemic has made the early onset of health problems such as diabetes more common. Participating in competitive youth sports burns calories and helps to prevent obesity. Additionally, many children who are active in sports are motivated to eat healthier foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Children who play sports are more likely to be physically fit, have a healthy weight and maintain a better body image. A healthy body contributes to a healthy mind, and regular exercise contributes to overall physical and mental health. Competitive sports are challenging for youth. They require kids and teens to cooperate, compete in a sportsmanlike way, use strategy and communicate with one another. All of these attitudes can be developed through playing sports. According to the University of Florida Extension, youth sports can enhance a child’s emotional and mental development, helping them to become mature in an accelerating rate. Youth who play sports form a good social circle. They will become better able to make friends, socialize with others and respond in constructive ways to conflict. Competition is a situation in which conflict and problems inevitably arise, and children who play sports are more likely to handle.

Top Guide of Cosmetology Essay Topics

Top Guide of Cosmetology Essay Topics New Step by Step Roadmap for Cosmetology Essay Topics Amazing rating and excellent reviews should tell you whatever you want to understand about this excellent writing service. If you're well-known, you get paid a good quantity of money. The very best job opportunities are in bustling metropolitan places, simply as these places generally have more people and therefore more potential customers and employers. Review the effects of eating only a single type of meal for several years. Cosmetology Essay Topics - What Is It? It is more or less becoming a significant part the lifestyle. Gambling almost has no positive effect on the society aside from the financial benefit of the lucky winner. The Fight Against Cosmetology Essay Topics Peak Management is whoever owns the individual salons. It's set to be sure the clients are treated fairly and the cosmetologist can create a living. A cosmetologist is similar to a master of all facets of beau ty, but they could also specialize in 1 area. A lot of people still think that inner beauty is as vital as outer beauty, while still some believe it's more important. Cosmetologists work with several kinds of beauty products and frequently offer them at their salons also. Aveda has turned out to be the Institute in the area and I am interested in being a portion of the very best. Beauty is just skin-deep, as some folks may say. For instance, some may work primarily in hair styling, while others might do the job primarily in hair removal. The War Against Cosmetology Essay Topics Subsequently, essay was defined in many different ways. Essay writing guideline will allow you to create a winning one. Writing about beauty is remarkably intriguing and pleasant. So keep on reading to learn some helpful tips and techniques on definition essay writing. Look at these actions to help you compose the ideal scholarship essay you possibly can! Students are requested to explain, comment on, or assess a subject of study in the shape of an essay. As a consequence, such students start looking for the best essay help to make certain that their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in agreement with all academic standards. Cosmetology essays can be devoted to an excellent range of issues. Order top-notch essay at this time and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at affordable price. Writing an excellent essay coxmetology practice. Go through the subsequent essay and produce your understanding on the matter of cosmetology. The cards also function as a quote for the client making certain the service fits their budget. It appears really simple, but it's not. Our specialists can enable you to find the things off your chest. It was quite a clever idea. Take your time to thoroughly examine our cause and effect topics list till you locate a prompt that you're excited to write about. Whenever you have so many topics to speak about, choose what you're passionate about and it's going to be super-easy that you develop a considerable argument for it. Star Live Poker 365 However, professionals can be convenient in this instance, helping the individual to overcom e their psychological troubles. Aldous Huxley, a major essayist, gives guidance on the discipline. The introduction isn't a biography. Your introduction ought to be the shortest portion of your letter of intent. Cosmetology was initially introduced when the exact first human began to be concerned about the way he or she felt about the physical look or completion they saw. The absolute most important benefit of experiencing a cosmetology school education is that you'll hardly ever be unemployed (unless you will want to). A cosmetology education stipulates an individual with a chance of expanding her or his career by turning into a salon or spa manager or even an owner of such. The prospective cosmetology student has to be more than sixteen decades old. Inside her salon, they do far more than just hair. Cosmetology isn't just work. It has been around for a long time. The cosmetology is such branch of science which provides a big scope to people who want to continue to keep their look maintained every moment.

Federalism in Government Policy toward Education Essay

Education is the key to our future and that is why it is such an important subject in the United States. Education relates to federalism by interacting with the national government, state governments, and local governments. Each level of government is responsible for improving education within their limits of power. The national government has been helping to improve and regulate education since 1965 when they passed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The main purpose of this act was to help Americas disadvantaged students that lived in poverty. The ESEA helped improve education from grades k-12 across the United States for thirty six years. When Congress approached the same program in 2001 it was reauthorized and†¦show more content†¦While NCLB seeks to improve the education of all children--with an emphasis on children from low-income families--IDEA focuses on the individual child and seeks to ensure specialized services for children with disabilities so that they may benefit from education (Exceptional Parent p70). A students Individual Education Plan (IEP) team decides whether or not to put the student in general or special education programs. However, if the IEP team decides not to put the student in general assessments they must explain their reasoning and provide an alternate assessment for the student (Exceptional Parent p70). The national governments attempts to improve education through these programs have not only been successful, but they have also started new ideas to build on. On August 9, 2007 President Bush passed a new act into law that will provide a vast amount of funding for scientific education (BioScience p654). The Senate and the House of Representatives passed legislation authorizing $43.3 billion for science and science education programs. The passing of America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Act (America COMPETES), known as HR 2272, is the result of the legislation that has been running through Congress for the past 1.5 years (BioScience p654). The given purpose for America COMPETES is to act as a response to theShow MoreRelatedThe Concept of Federalism in the US1083 Words   |  4 PagesFederalism Paper The concept of Federalism in the U.S. has experienced a lot of progress through time and it is presently considered to have a positive impact on the country as a whole and on the way that states govern themselves. 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In-Class Essay Writing Analysis - 1456 Words

When I think back to the time right before we started writing our essay I realize that in order to come up with any ideas for the paper we had to chew on one thought for over ten minutes. For example when I read the sentence that we wrote about fast-paced live of professionals that reside in the city, I remember that just that one sentence took us about fifteen minutes to finally use it on our paper. It seems like we should have done some free-writing before we started this assignment. When we started to write this essay we didn’t have a clear visual on our thesis. We had lots of information that was scattered and had no connection between the Robot, the Jeep and the advertisement that was being talked about. In this essay I included lots†¦show more content†¦What we can say after this sentence is, the city looks completely empty and it has no people or signs on the side of the street. This advertisement includes only gray, boring, cemented retail properties. Looks li ke there is a parking garage so that makes this advertisement based in a big city like Seattle for example. The slogan that the advertisers included is as follows, â€Å"It’s time to start having fun with the city† (Signs of Life 236) After we include this quote to back our theory up we can explain what it is trying to say. For example, in the past the Jeep was always targeting county residents that had a place to go off-roading. Now the advertisers are trying to persuade the city people that they can also have fun on a nice four wheel drive Jeep and still live in the city. They might not be able to use this vehicle as a off-roader but they defiantly can still have fun cruising on a pavement and maybe once in a while take a risk. Using couple quotes from our reading added about one paragraph to our essay, but all the quotes were stuck in one paragraph instead of having them all scattered throughout our writing. 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Inverse Proportion of Physical Fitness and Awareness Program Free Essays

Although awareness of the importance of physical fitness has increased in the United States, the average level of an American†s fitness has decreased. In short, most everyday citizens are out of shape. This is partially due to the more modern and easier lives that most Americans lead compared to Americans of earlier time periods. We will write a custom essay sample on Inverse Proportion of Physical Fitness and Awareness Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now If Americans wish to stay in good health, then their daily regiments must be changed. Among adolescents and teenagers, the same numbers are noticeable. Nearly fifty percent of American youth aged twelve through twenty-one are not vigorously active on a regular basis. Only nineteen percent of ll high school students are physically active for more than twenty minutes or more, five days a week, mainly in physical education class (Physical Activity and Health: Adolescents and Teenagers, par. 5-8). These numbers are a significant drop from previous studies of earlier decades. When physical fitness reform was stressed in schools during the fifties, the government administered several test to get an exact figure on American children†s level of fitness. The United States office of Education discovered that in one year fifty-six of 108,000 public schools had strengthened their physical education programs. These modifications were noticed. Between 1964 and 1965, 11,000 boys and girls who took the Youth Fitness test had higher mean scores in every event and at all ages than the results recorded from the previous decade†s tests (Van Dalen 520-521). Although modern, well-designed school-based interventions directed at increasing physical activity in physical education classes have been shown to be effective, only twenty five percent of high school students enroll in physical education class daily. In 1991, forty-one percent of all high school students enrolled in physical activity. That means that in only ten years, the daily level of physical activity amongst teens has been cut almost in half (Physical Activity and Health: Adolescents and Teens, par. 9-10). Not even the best school based interventions directed at increasing physical activity can actually improve a student†s level of fitness if they aren†t participathing in class to begin with. Over sixty percent of adults do not engage in the recommended amount of ctivity. In fact, over twenty five percent of American adults are not active at all (Physical Activity and Health: Adults, par. 6-8) Concerning the history of physical fitness awareness, physical activity for better health and well-being has been an important theme throughout much of western hemispherical, American history. Since the beginning of awareness, public health recommendations have evolved greatly. They started with emphasizing vigorous activity for cardio-respiratory fitness. The same recommendations are still given, but now it is thought to be better to include the options of moderate levels of activity for numerous health benefits (Historical Background and Evolution of Physical Activity Recommendations, par. 1-2). One of the first specified fields of medicine in the fitness world was sports medicine. Physicians associated with professional sports teams initially practiced sports medicine, but with interest in amateur sports and physical fitness programs in the 1970†³s and 1980†³s the field grew rapidly. Sports medicine still continues to be a fast-growing division of specified medicine that has to revolutionize the understanding of exercise and the body†s reaction to the stress of exercise (Sports Medicine, par. 1) These physicians and doctors are not uncovering these earth-shattering discoveries on their own. The American Council on Exercise (ACE) is very active in fitness research (The Future of Fitness, par. 2). The official government committee to support physical fitness is The President†s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (PCPFS) is extremely vocal in the education of the public. PCPFS has been fighting its ever-toughening crusade against laziness since the era of President Kennedy, who founded the Council (Van Dalen, p. 520-521). There are also many Internet websites (e. g. efitness. com, emedicine. com, nutricise. com) that provide easily accessible information to the public. Because of groups like ACE and PCFS, the awareness of the benefits to physical fitness are being broadcasted everywhere; it is just a matter of time until every American understands the value of being physically fit. When that time comes, experts say more people will exercise to achieve better health instead of just to improve appearance. Also, exercise will become a vital part of disease management. In the future, adventure workouts such as hiking and mountain climbing will replace traditional treadmill and weight training workout. Sports specific training such as golf and tennis exercises will become more mainstream. It is also said that exercise programs geared towards older adults such as water-based fitness will increase in popularity (The Future of Fitness, par. 3-4, 6-7). How to cite Inverse Proportion of Physical Fitness and Awareness Program, Essay examples Inverse Proportion of Physical Fitness and Awareness Program Free Essays Although awareness of the importance of physical fitness has increased in the United States, the average level of an American†s fitness has decreased. In short, most everyday citizens are out of shape. This is partially due to the more modern and easier lives that most Americans lead compared to Americans of earlier time periods. We will write a custom essay sample on Inverse Proportion of Physical Fitness and Awareness Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now If Americans wish to stay in good health, then their daily regiments must be changed. Among adolescents and teenagers, the same numbers are noticeable. Nearly fifty percent of American youth aged twelve through twenty-one are not vigorously active on a regular basis. Only nineteen percent of all high school students are physically active for more than twenty minutes or more, five days a week, mainly in physical education class (Physical Activity and Health: Adolescents and Teenagers, par. 5-8). These numbers are a significant drop from previous studies of earlier decades. When physical fitness reform was stressed in schools during the fifties, the government administered several test to get an exact figure on American children†s level of fitness. The United States office of Education discovered that in one year fifty-six of 108,000 public schools had strengthened their physical education programs. These modifications were noticed. Between 1964 and 1965, 11,000 boys and girls who took the Youth Fitness test had higher mean scores in every event and at all ages than the results recorded from the previous decade†s tests (Van Dalen 520-521). Although modern, well-designed school-based interventions directed at increasing physical activity in physical education classes have been shown to be effective, only twenty five percent of high school students enroll in physical education class daily. In 1991, forty-one percent of all high school students enrolled in physical activity. That means that in only ten years, the daily level of physical activity amongst teens has been cut almost in half (Physical Activity and Health: Adolescents and Teens, par. 9-10). Not even the best school based interventions directed at increasing physical activity can actually improve a student†s level of fitness if they aren†t participathing in class to begin with. Over sixty percent of adults do not engage in the recommended amount of activity. In fact, over twenty five percent of American adults are not active at all (Physical Activity and Health: Adults, par. 6-8) Concerning the history of physical fitness awareness, physical activity for better health and well-being has been an important theme throughout much of western hemispherical, American history. Since the beginning of awareness, public health recommendations have evolved greatly. They started with emphasizing vigorous activity for cardio-respiratory fitness. The same recommendations are still given, but now it is thought to be better to include the options of moderate levels of activity for numerous health benefits (Historical Background and Evolution of Physical Activity Recommendations, par. 1-2). One of the first specified fields of medicine in the fitness world was sports medicine. Physicians associated with professional sports teams initially practiced sports medicine, but with interest in amateur sports and physical fitness programs in the 1970†³s and 1980†³s the field grew rapidly. Sports medicine still continues to be a fast-growing division of specified medicine that has to revolutionize the understanding of exercise and the body†s reaction to the stress of exercise (Sports Medicine, par.1) These physicians and doctors are not uncovering these earth-shattering discoveries on their own. The American Council on Exercise (ACE) is very active in fitness research (The Future of Fitness, par. 2). The official government committee to support physical fitness is The President†s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (PCPFS) is extremely vocal in the education of the public. PCPFS has been fighting its ever-toughening crusade against laziness since the era of President Kennedy, who founded the Council (Van Dalen, p. 520-521). There are also many Internet websites (e.g. efitness.com, emedicine.com, nutricise.com) that provide easily accessible information to the public. Because of groups like ACE and PCFS, the awareness of the benefits to physical fitness are being broadcasted everywhere; it is just a matter of time until every American understands the value of being physically fit. When that time comes, experts say more people will exercise to achieve better health instead of just to improve appearance. Also, exercise will become a vital part of disease management. In the future, adventure workouts such as hiking and mountain climbing will replace traditional treadmill and weight training workout. Sports specific training such as golf and tennis exercises will become more mainstream. It is also said that exercise programs geared towards older adults such as water-based fitness will increase in popularity (The Future of Fitness, par. 3-4, 6-7). How to cite Inverse Proportion of Physical Fitness and Awareness Program, Papers

Business Law of Vaughan v Menlove Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Law of Vaughan v Menlove. Answer: The area oflaw which has been identified in this scenario under which a Georgina can make a claim is thelaw of torts. Under thelaw of tort topics areas like defamation, negligence and nuisance are covered. In this particular case the specific area oftort law under which Georgina can make a claim is the law relating to negligence. This area of law is dealt with the provisions of common law and also statutory provisions provided through various civil liability acts of the respective states. The concept of negligence came into the context of the legal world through the must referred case of Donoghoue v Stevenson[1]. The case introduced the neighbor principle which lays foundation to the duty of care. As a good neighbor has the duty to make sure that no harm or injury or any kind of damage is caused to their neighbors as a result of their actions in the same way a person has a duty of care for another person who can suffer injury as a result of their actions. The famous concept of the du ty of care is the initial requirement to make a claim for negligence. The duty of care gives rise to the concept of occupiers liability as used in the case of Novakovic v Stekovic[2]. According to the case the occupier of a premise has a duty of care towards those using the premises. Therefore as Georgina was using the space occupied by the defendants Caravan Park and Mr Preston, they owe a duty of care towards her. In the case of Vaughan v Menlove[3] the court used another requirement to establish negligence. This is related to not complying with the duty of care and thus violating it. In this case a test known as the objective test had been used by the court to answer whether a duty has been violated or not. As per the principles of the case the duty is not complied with in case a prudent individual in similar situation had been more cautious as compared to the defendant. In the given case Georgina has to show that the defendants were not as cautious as a reasonable person as a reasonable person would have made sure that no rock is present in their premises which may cause harm to the users. The final element is required to raise a claim for negligence is causation. In the case of Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital[4] a test known as the but for test had been used by the court to answer causation. As per the concept of causation the injury occurred to the plaintiff has to be a result of the dutys violation. Thus as per the but for test if the injury would have occurred although the duty was not violated than it would not establish negligence. In the given case if there would have been no rock than no injury would have been caused to Georgina. Hence she has can make a claim under negligence under common law and under the civil liability acts. This section of the paper will set out the breaches which have been made by the defendant which the plaintiff could rely upon making a claim for negligence. As per the civil liability acts of the states a person is negligent and have breached the duty of care if the risk of injury could be foreseen which means that the risk was known or is deemed to be known to that person. According the facts of the case is evident that the defendants knew that presence of the rock in the premises which is not easily seen at night can cause harm to any user of the premises. Moreover the rules provide that the risk must not be insignificant, that was not the case according to the facts of the scenario as any person can predict a large rock can cause significant injury a person. In addition the rules state that if a reasonable person would have been more caution then than the duty of care has been breached. In this case it was evident that such provisions have been breached by the defendant as a reasonable person would have informed about the presence of the rock to the users of the premises through a sign. In addition the provisions of the legislations provided the rule relating to probability for determining the actions of a reasonable person, the seriousness of the harm, the burden of taking precautions for avoiding the risk of injury and social utility associated with the action creating the harm. In this case the defendants know that it is probable that a person would get injured at night without seeing the rock. The harm arising out of such situation is also very significant, there burden of taking precaution was mainly on the defendants and the action of the plaintiff was for social utility thus the defendants have breached these provisions. The principles of causation have also been breached by the defendants as the injury was caused necessarily because the defendants were negligent in their actions. Thus the principles of factual causation have also been violated by the defendants as Georgina would not have suffered the injury if proper measures were taken by the defendants. There is little doubt over the fact that the defendants would not admit the claim of negligence made by Georgina in relation to the injury caused to them. However in relation to the claim they may admit certain part of the evidence provided by Georgina. The first photograph which was taken by the daughter of the halls depicted the prominent presence of a dark rock which was positioned between two posts one of which was Georginas tent and the other in front of the vehicle owned by the halls. In the second photo where the light was not sufficient the rock was barely visible to the naked eye. The defendant way admit that the rock was visible in the morning and not at night so Georgina must have known about the existence of the rock when it was visible and thus had been more careful in relation to the injury suffered by her. They would not accept the clim made by Georgina which stated that she saw the two posts but not the rock and they may claim that any person having healthy eyesight would have seen it. The further have to accept that there was no defined path as provided by the facts of the case to go to the toilet facilities provided by them from the tents. An absence of a path would suggest that it would make the users of the premises more vulnerable to the risk of getting Injured. They also cannot deny to the fact and have to admit that there was a big rock present between the tents with no signpost to suggest that the people have to be cautious at night there. The defendants may also admit the fact that the plaintiff did not take the same path coming back from the toilet as she was injured by taking a different path. They may also have to admit to the fact that Georgina had fallen because of little ledge below the rock as a black area was shown their in the photograph depicting the presence of such ledge. When it comes to negligence both common law and the civil liability act provided certain defenses which can be utilized by the defendants against a plaintiff to defeat or reduce the claim made by them. Common law and statutory law provides the concept of contributory negligence. In the case of Jackson v McDonald's Australia Ltd[5] it was provided by the judges that of a person was not careful in relation to sustaining the harm which has been caused to them they might not be able to make a full claim of negligence. In addition the statutory provisions of the civil liabilities acts provides that the claim made by a person in relation to negligence can be defeated totally if it is found that they were significantly liable for the harm caused to them. Moreover the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) through its part 6 provides provisions related to intoxicated persons in case of negligence. Section 48 provides that a person is said to be intoxicated if they are under the influence of drug or alcohol for any purpose[6]. As provided by section 50 of the Act a person will not recover any damages were it is provided by the defendant that due to the state of intoxication the person ability to use reasonable care towards a situation is impaired[7]. However if the court finds out that an injury would have occurred even of the person was not intoxicated that the plaintiff is entitled to receive a part of the claim made by them because of the failure to exercise reasonable care by the defendants. In the given situation the first photo showed that the rock which caused the injury was visible during day light along with the little ledge below the rock. In such situation it can be claimed by the defendants that the Georgina as a reasonable person when was present during day time and was setting up the camp should have been aware about the fact that a large rock along with its little ledges are present in front of her tent. When at night there was not provided path to avail the toilet facilities as a reasonable person she should have used the dame path to come back which she used whole going to avoid any injury because of the darkness. If she would have taken reasonable care than the injury would have not been caused to she and she would have avoided the rock. Thus according to the provisions of contributory negligence her claim can be reduced by the courts In addition it has been provided by the facts of the case that Georgina was drinking along with her friends the night the injury took place. The intoxication state would have further impaired her ability to take reasonable actions in the situation and the injury may have been avoided if she was not intoxicated. Therefore this can also be claimed as a defense by the defendants against Georgina. In the given situation to find out the actual damages to be paid to Georgina the court will determine the extent of contribution made by Georgina herself towards the injury sustained by her. Bibliography Novakovic v Stekovic [2012] NSWCA 54 Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428 Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 467 Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) Jackson v McDonald's Australia Ltd [2014] NSWCA 162